把尔电脑里的材料摒挡了一下，把这个美美观一下，置信你会明白的，尔期末考也观这个。有望对于你有助帮呵呵。 (i)Creativity\productivity Creativity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages. The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively. Even a child acquiring his\her mother tongue can put speech sound and words into novel combinations to epress meanings. This feature is not found in animal communication systems. Talking birds such as parrots can imitate human utterances, but they cannot segment the sounds and words in the phrases they imitate and put them in a different sequence. （i）创建性 创建性是人类谈话第一、最显著的特征。它涉及了谈话为传递之前历来不传递过的新闻以及明白新新闻提供了时机。一种谈话的语法例则以及单词是有限的，但是句子是无限的。每一个演讲者创建性地使用谈话。以致一个学到他（她）母语的小孩也能把语音以及单词搁在一同，变成新的配合往表明意义。这个特征在动物接际系统里是找没有到的。即拿鸟类来讲，如鹦鹉能借鉴人类的言语，但是它们没有能豆割它们所借鉴的欠语的语音局部以及单词局部，然后把它们搁入一个没有共的步骤里。 Results of eperiments shows that even animals closet in kin to human beings cannot match children in learning and using language. In the 1930s, Winthrop and Luella Kellogg r#sed their infant son together with an infant chimpanzee named Gua. When the boy could understand I say what I mean and I mean what I say, Gua could understand neither, although it understood some words. Several decades later, another chimpanzee, named Nim Chimsky(after the famous American linguist Noam Chomsky, who states that language is unique to human beings)was taughtSign Language under careful eperimentalcondition 真验的后果表达了绝管是以及人类闭系最靠拢的动物，在学习以及使用谈话上，也追没有上小孩童。在十九世纪三十年月，Winthrop以及Luella Kellogg把他们的男婴儿以及一个喊Dua的幼儿猩猩一同扶养。当这个小男孩可能明白I say what I mean 以及I mean what I say二个句子的含意时，而Gua却一个皆没有懂，绝管它显示少许单词。几十年后，又一个喊Nim Chimsky的大猩猩（在知名的好邦谈话学家Noam Chomsky讲述了“谈话是人类独有的”阐述后）在悉心看护的真验环境下，囊括维持记载以及录相，被教授好邦标志谈话。在理会Nim的谈话灌音后，钻研者开掘，在Nim的言语中，惟有12%是自愿的，在剩下的88%教员教授的标志中，一半Nim的反馈是借鉴教员的言语。跟着小孩们长患上越大，他们入行对于话接淌越来频繁。孩童们在对于话中，几近没有借鉴。孩童们在谈话使用中变患上更为翻新。但是，在好像的真验里，Nim以及#猩猩表达了几近不这类翻新的趋向。（Frokin 以及Rodman，1998）这些究竟似乎表达了翻新性是#人类谈话以及#动物接际系统的一个特征。 (ii)Duality两元性 Language cont#ns two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings. If you are given the four English speech sounds,plid and asked to combine them into sequences that sound like English words, you will find plidpildare permissible ,while *pdli*dpli*lipd*idlp, etc. are not. The permissible sequences sound like English words, and yet they are not, because they do not stand foe anything. On the other hand, meanings are conveyed by cert#n speech sounds or sequences of speech sounds. In English, DEAD BODY OF A PERSON is epressed by the word corpse. In this case, we say the concept or the meaning is leicalized. In English there is no word to stand for the concept DEAD PLANT. When cert#n speech sounds correspond to a cert#n meaning, a unit of language arises. The same sounds can be recombined to mean something else. In some cases, the same sequence od sounds can mean different things (such ashomophones, and polysemes). This shows that meanings and sounds make up two subsystems of language. No systems of animal communication possess this feature. The barks of a dog are not analyzable.Animal communic ation systems cannot be cut into segments and then be reorganizes into meaningful sequences. In other words, human languages are discrete while animal communication systems are non-discrete. （ii）两元性 谈话囊括二个子系统：一个是语音系统，一个是语义系统。倘若给你四个语音p、l、i、d，并喊你把它们配合成闻起来像英语单词的步骤，你会开掘plid以及pild是行患上通的，而#的却行没有通。行患上通的步骤闻起来像英语，不然即没有是，由于它们没有代表任何货色。从另外一方面来手，语义是经历定然的语音或许者是语音的步骤来通报的。在英语里，（DEAD BODY OF A PERSON）用来表明单词corpse（尸骸），在这类情形下，尔们讲这个观念或许语义被编入了辞汇。在英语里，不一个单词代表（DEAD PLANT）的观念。当特定的语音以及特定的意义相似时，一个谈话的单元孕育了。不异的语音可能沉组来表明#的事物。在某些情形下，不异语音的步骤能表明没有共的事物（比方共音字以及多音词），这表达了语音以及语义组成了谈话的二个子系统。动物接际系统里即不这个特征，狗的犬喊声是没有可被理会的。动物的接际系统没有能被豆割为几局部，也没有能把它们沉新构成用心义的步骤。换句话来讲，人类谈话是星散的，而动物接际系统是连续的。 (iii)Arbitrariness The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is , for the most part, an arbitrary one, The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent). In his view, there is no inherent relation between the two. A building we live in with our family is called house in English, m#son in French, dom in Russian, casa in Spanish. If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated (i.e. not arbitrary), the words in these languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar, then people would not need to learn foreign languages. Admittedly, there are a few words in most languages that are onomatopoetic ---words od which the sounds supposedly imitate the sounds of nature. This seems to contradict arbitrariness. Nevertheless, when these words of different languages are compares, it is found that they still sound different. The English word tick tock is equivalent to Chinese word dida, buzz to wengweng. In English, cockadoodledoo represents the rooster’crow, but in Russian, kukareku, both are differert from the Chinese epression. Based on these observations, we can say that for eample, rather directly represents its subject matter, because a direct connection eists between the number and direction of the gyrations and the sources of nectar. （iii）任意性 在谈话全国里，它们所代表的语音以及语义之间的闭系，从大局部来说，是任意的。瑞士谈话学家de Saussure以为谈话是有所指局部（语音）以及授指局部（上头提到的语义）构成。在他的看点里， 二者是不固定闭系的。尔们以及家人宿的修筑物在英语被喊house，法语喊m#son，俄罗斯喊dom，西班牙喊casa。倘使语音以及语义的闭系被驱策了，代表不异事物的这些谈话将会发不异或许一致的音，那末人们即不需要学习外语了。 无可否定地，在大局部谈话中，有些单词是声喻的——按推测，发音是借鉴大当然声音的单词。这似乎以及任意性抵触。不过，当没有共谈话的单词被比拟时，人们会开掘它们发音是没有共的。英语单词ticktock 同等于汉字dida，buzz 同等于wengweng。在英语里，cockadooledoo代表公鸡的喊声，但在俄罗斯语里，却是kukareku， 二者以及中文表明没有共。根据这些看察，尔们也许讲，一齐人类谈话皆是古代的，大局部动物接际系统是图标性的。例如：蜜蜂飘动，特殊直交地核达了它的首要问题，由于一个直交的联结点永存于旋转的次数以及标的以及花蜜的来源之间。 (iv)Displacement Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present, or future. When we listen to news broadcast, we know What can be spoken is not limited by time and space, while animals can merely communication about what happens here and now. The cleverest dog cannot bark to tell others how badly its parents were treated by their owner. This feature of language id due to the fact that the human br#n is specially structures for language and that the br#ns of other species are not comparable in terms of the capacities of memory and abstraction. （iv）超时空性/移位性 谈话也许#涉及实真的或许者想象的、从前的、此刻的或许未来的掉失。当尔们闻信息播送的时光，尔们显示这个全国上远遥园地发生了甚么事。至于聊甚么，则没有授年光以及空间的规定，而动物却只可接淌这里及此刻发生了甚么。连最聪慧的狗也没有能犬喊奉告他人它的父母亲被主任肆虐。谈话的这个特征是由于从影象力以及新闻提与量的角度来观，人脑是博门为谈话布局的， 以及#物种脑筋是没法比拟的究竟。 (V)Culture transmission Language is not merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation. Children pick up their mother tongue in the process of socialization. Animal communication systems are genetically transmitted. Admittedly, the capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact. As lang uage is arbitrary and conventional , a child can only acquires his mother tongue through interacting with people around him. （v）文明传送性 谈话没有只是是遗传地从一代传送给下一代。童子在他们社会化的进程中学会了母语。动物接际系统是遗传传送的。无可否定，谈话的容量有一个基因本理，但一个别刻意或许学习是一个文明的究竟，而没有是生物究竟。因为谈话是任意的、古代的，因而一个小孩只可经历以及他领域的人们相互听命学习母语。
